To study the effect of salinity stress on some Physiological traits in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) and sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) and seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods and Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative water content, yield and its components and potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ content and remobilization of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan and Inia-66, had the highest level of relative water content, remobilization of soluble carbohydrates and number of grains per spike. In addition, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentration and K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods and Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentration in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the traits that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigations.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to Physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

Wild relatives which constitute the crop gene pool, have an inseparable role in construction of new breeding programs. The present study aims to compare diversity of leaf water content, excised leaf water rate specific leaf area, flavonoids, total phenol and protein content traits among three annual wild chickpea species (Cicer echinospermum, C. reticulatum and C. bijigum) with cultivated one (C. arietinum). With this purpose an experiment including 10 treatments and 4 repetition was conducted in Randomly Complete Design at greenhouse in National Plant Gene Bank of Iran during 2014-15. Significant difference has been observed between genotypes from all measured biochemical and Physiological traits point of view. Relative water content and leaf relative water loss in C. arietinum statistically was similar to C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum Relative water content of C. bijigum significantly was lower than other species. While leaf relative water loss in this species significantly was more than other species. Average of protein amount was 21% in C. arietinum and C. bijigum, 18% in C. reticulatum and 17% in C. echinospermum. Minimum amount of specific leaf area and maximum amount of total phenol content was found in C. bijigum. There was a considerable variety between C. reticulatum genotypes from flavonoids and total phenol content point of view, which can be used for further achievement in breeding programs for providing functional food or introduction of resistance genotype to pest and disease.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of crops. This experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in research field of Islamic Azad University of Kaleibar, Iran in crop year 2017. In this experiment, the effect of three levels of drought stress after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan in the main plots and three levels of zero, 75 and 150 kg. ha in sub-plots on the Physiological characteristics in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Mihan) the comparison was made. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of drought stress and superabsorbent on stomatal conductanc, cell membrane stability, proline and leaf chlorophyll index was significant. The results of comparison the mean interaction between drought stress and superabsorbent showed that the maximum chlorophyll index 6. 70%, stomatal conductance 7. 45 molCo2.-1 and cell nomadic stability 48. 25% was evaporated by 75 kg / ha treatment of superabsorbent application at drought in 60 mm evaporation, respectively. Comparison of the average treatment showed that the highest transpiration rate 6. 10 μ mol H2O. m m-2. s-1, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII. 894 and leaf internal Co2 556. 02 molCo2.-2. s-1, photosynthesis rate 28. 23 molCo2. m-2. s-1 was related to treatment 60 mm evaporation and the highest amount of soluble carbohoids 121. 31 μ g glucose. g fw was related to treatment 120 mm evaporation. The use of superabsorbents significantly increased Physiological traits such as relative water content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and chlorophyll index. Therefore, irrigation of 60 mm evaporation and consumption of 75 kg. ha m-2. s-1 of superabsorbent as the best treatment is recommended to achieve the maximum amount of wheat Physiological traits.

In order to study the effect of salinity on yield and Physiological traits of sunflower and genetic analysis of these traits under salinity conditions, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications were performed outside the greenhouse in an open air area under natural environmental conditions. The studied factors were included 2 salinity stress levels (normal and 6 dS/m) and sunflower recombinant inbred lines (102 lines derived from the cross PAC2×RHA266 together with parental lines). traits such as grain yield per plant, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, leaf relative water content, Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured after flowering. The effect of salinity was significant on grain yield, leaf relative water content, Na+ and K+ concentrations as well as on Na+/K+ and K+/ Na+ ratios. For all traits, significant differences were observed between the genotypes studied. Genetic analysis of studied traits was done using a linkage map comprising 221 molecular markers (210 SSR/11 SNP) with an average distance of 7.44 cM between markers via composite interval mapping (CIM) procedure. Totally, 10 and 8 QTLs were detected for studied traits under normal and salt stress conditions, respectively. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (R2) ranged from 10.4%- 34.4%. The results showed the existence of co-localized QTLs for some of the studied traits under normal and salt stress conditions including Na+.S.4.1 with Na+/K+.S.4.1, Chl.NS.6.1 with K+.S.6.1. Using co-localized QTLs in different environmental conditions and different years could enhance the efficiency of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs.

According to information extracted from Iran's soil resources and talent map, about 44. 5 million hectares of Iran's area are salty lands. Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that increases plant tolerance to environmental tensions and improves plant metabolic activity. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of salinity tension on lands without drainage system and the role of salicylic acid in modifying its effects. This experiment was carried out as combination analysis in a randomized complete block design with three replication in the crop year of 2016-17 in agricultural lands of Shadegan city. Understudied treatments consisted of wheat under cultivation with two types of environments: 1-cultivation on normal lands (with drainage system) (first experiment) 2-cultivation in salty lands (without drainage system) (second experiment), and the second factor was the six method for the use of salicylic acid included non-use of salicylic acid (control), seed inoculation with salicylic acid, foliar application at the beginning of tillering, seed inoculation with salicylic acid in addition to foliar application at the beginning of tillering, foliar application at the end of tillering and seed inoculation with salicylic acid in addition to foliar application at the end of tillering. The results showed that the effect of cultivated land type on plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate were significant at one percent probability level. The effect of salicylic acid on all measured traits was significant at one percent probability level. The interaction between environment and the method of salicylic acid application in terms of growth rate was significant at five percent probability level and was not significant for other traits. The maximum and the minimum amount of the investigated traits were observed in normal and salty lands, respectively, and among the various methods of using salicylic acid, the highest and lowest amount of traits was obtained in seedlings inoculation method with salicylic acid, in addition to foliar application at the beginning of tillering and without the use of salicylic acid (control).

Background and Objectives: Proper management and use of agricultural waste is one of the important strategies for sustainable development of agriculture in Iran. Given that most of the country is covered by arid and semi-arid lands, rapid decomposition of organic matter and its deficiency in soil is one of the problems of agriculture and natural resources, preventing the waste from being burnt and making optimum use of it can both compensate for the lack of soil organic matter and reduce environmental pollution. Considering the high durability of biochar in soil, a useful strategy for organic waste management is use of biochar on agricultural land to provide organic matter for plant growth and as a modifier to improve soil properties. Due to the expansion of pistachio cultivation in central Iran, pruning of its branches results in considerable amounts of waste annually, which is usually burned to prevent pest spread. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pistachio waste on growth characteristics of safflower. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of biochar on growth characteristics of safflower, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Biochar treatment prepared from pistachio wood at 500 ° C under low oxygen conditions was studied at four levels of 0, 1, 2 and 4%. by weight. At the end of the growth period, plants were collected and leaf area, leaf length and width, number of yellow, green leaves and total, internodes distance, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, stem height, germination time from planting, relative leaf water content, Ion leakage percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, sodium, potassium and phosphorus concentration and sodium to potassium concentration ratio were measured. Data were analyzed in SAS software and mean comparisons were made using Duncan test at 5% level. Results: The results showed that the effect of biochar treatment on leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plants, root dry weight, plant height, leaf chlorophyll, ion leakage percentage, leaf relative water content, sodium, phosphorus and potassium concentration and sodium to potassium concentration ratio were significant. However, the effect of this treatment on leaf length and width indices, number of green and yellow leaves and their total, root fresh weight, internodes distance and germination time was not significant. Mean comparison showed that the highest leaf area (413. 25 mm 2), root dry weight (1. 17 g), fresh weight (3. 79 g) and plant dry weight (0. 89 g), plant height (0. 25 g). 52 cm), relative leaf water content (89. 2%), potassium concentration (2. 81%) and phosphorus (0. 24%) were obtained at the highest biochar level (4% by weight). Also, the highest leaf chlorophyll index content (53. 8%) was observed in one percent biochemical treatment and the highest ion leakage (81. 75%), sodium concentration (3. 35%) and sodium to potassium ratio (1. 63) were observed in control treatment. Conclusion: This study showed that the use of biochar can improve the morphoPhysiological properties and concentration of essential elements such as phosphorus and potassium in the aerial parts of safflower and in this regard, the amount of biochar consumption is important. According to Biochar analysis in terms of nutrients and carbon content, it seems that Biochar application may improve the nutritional status of these elements in soil and also increase Soil moisture storage capacity due to high content of Biochar organic carbon, it Provide a more suitable environment for plant growth and thereby improve growth indicators. Therefore, if the pistachio and other agricultural products waste are used properly as biochar, compensates a part of the lack of organic matter in the soils of dry areas and environmental pollution can be prevented.

To study the effect of different irrigation regimes on morphological and Physiological characteristics of soybean cultivars, this experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Center during 2009-2010 in Iran. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design, with 3 replications. The main plots consisted of four irrigation regimes: I1, I2, I3 and I4 indicating irrigation after 60, 100, 140 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan respectively and 3 soybean cultivars named Linford, L17 and Williams assigned in the sub plots. Results of combined analysis showed that with increasing irrigation intervals from I1 to I4 reduced growth period, plant height and leaf area index (LAI), number of nodes, branches and internodes significantly. Physiologic characteristics such as chlorophyll contain of leaves and relative water content (RWC) were also affected by irrigation regimes. LAI in I1 was 4.94 reduced in I4 to 3.70. Plant height of soybean cultivars were declined by 21% in I4 (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) as compared to I1 (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation). Soluble proline content of the leaves and electric conduction (EC) on the other hand increases significantly. There was significant differences among cultivars concerning the vegetative and Physiological characteristics. Willams and L17 cultivars produced the highest numbers of nodes (15.5) and internode length (4.95cm) receptivity. The maximum proline content (65.6 mmol/F.W) and relative water content (67.65%) belonged to Linford cultivar. Interaction of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on plant hieght, LAI and proline content. Linford cultivar had more soluble proline under water limited condition and maintained higher LAI and plant height in I4 treatment as compared other treatments.

Drought stress is one of the major limitations to plant productivity across the world. Identifying appropriate selection tools can facilitate the breeding of plants for drought tolerance. In the present study, relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), leaf water content (LWC), relative water lose (RWL), moisture retention capacity (MRC), leaf chlorophyll content and leaf prolin content were used as Physiological parameters for the study of 20 spring safflower genotypes under drought stressed and normal conditions in the research field of Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, in 2012. The experiment was a split-plot on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. It was found that drought stress significantly decreased relative water content and leaf water content. These traits were accompanied with a great loss of yield in sensitive genotypes. The highest amounts of chlorophyll content, prolin accumulation, ELWR and RWC were observed in Afghanistan, Shiraz, Afghanistan, Marand and Paraguay genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest amount of prolin accumulation, ELWR and RWC were obtained through Paraguay, Saffire and Afghanistan genotypes, respectively. It seems that Afghanistan genotype was more capable of being cultivated in regions experiencing water deficiency. Overall Proline accumulation (along with the accumulation of glucose and potassium), higher chlorophyll content and relative water content can be used as selection criteria in drought stress conditions.

Light is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University during 2012-2013 cropping season. The factors under study consisted of shading in four levels (0 shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of shadings) and two cultivars lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) (Ziba and ILL4400). Results showed that physiologic traits were significantly affected by cultivar ´ shading intraction. Ziba cultivar had the highest chlorophyll a and b content in 100% shading. Carotenoid content, relative water content and leaf area index also increased with increasing in shading. The highest and lowest carotenoid and relative water contents were observed in 100% shading ´ ILL4400 cultivar and control treatment ´ Ziba cultiva, respectively. The highest leaf specific weight observed in control treatment ´ Ziba cultivar and decreased with increasing shading. Grain yield decreased with increasing shading. The highest and lowest mean grain yield, 2522 kg.ha-1 and 1137 kg.ha-1, were observed in control treatment ´ Ziba cultivar and 100% shading and ILL4400 cultivar, respectively. Based on the results of this study, Ziba cultivar had the highest leaf area index, relative water content and chlorophyll a in higher shading treatments; hence, it can perform better than ILL4400 in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems where the light is limited factor.